Natural Language Processing deals with text data. The amount of text data generated these days is enormous. And, this data if utilized properly can bring many fruitful results. Some of the most important Natural Language Processing applications are Text Analytics, Parts of Speech Tagging, Sentiment Analysis, and Named Entity Recognition

The vast amount of text data contains a huge amount of information. An important aspect of analyzing these text data is the identification of Named Entities.

What is a Named Entity?

A named entity is a real-life object which has proper identification and can be denoted with a proper name. Named Entities can be a place, person, organization, time, object, or geographic entity.

For example, named entities would be Roger Federer, Honda City, and Samsung Galaxy S10. Named entities are usually instances of entity instances. For example, Roger Federer is an instance of a Tennis Player/person, Honda City is an instance of a car and Samsung Galaxy S10 is an instance of a Mobile Phone.

Named Entity Recognition Python:

Python Named Entity Recognition is the process of NLP that deals with identifying and classifying named entities. The raw and structured text is taken and named entities are classified into persons, organizations, places, money, time, etc. Named entities are identified and segmented into various predefined classes.

NER systems are developed with various linguistic approaches, as well as statistical and machine learning methods. NER has many applications for project or business purposes.

The NER model first identifies an entity and then categorizes the entity into the most suitable class. Some of the common types of Named Entities will be:

1. Organisations :

NASA, CERN, ISRO, etc

2. Places:

Mumbai, New York, Kolkata.

3. Money:

1 Billion Dollars, 50 Great Britain Pounds.

4. Date:

15th August 2020

5. Person:

Elon Musk, Richard Feynman, Subhas Chandra Bose.

An important thing about NER models is that their ability to understand Named Entities depends on the data they have been trained on. There are many applications of NER.

NER can be used for content classification, the various Named Entities of a text can be collected, and based on that data, the content themes can be understood. In academics and research, NER can be used to retrieve data and information faster from a wide variety of textual information. NER helps a lot in the case of information extraction from huge text datasets.

NER using Spacy:

Spacy is an open-source Natural Language Processing library that can be used for various tasks. It has built-in methods for Named Entity Recognition. Spacy has a fast statistical entity recognition system.

We can use space very easily for NER tasks. Though often we need to train our data for business-specific needs, the Spacy model generally performs well for all types of text data.

Let us get started with the code, first, we import spacy and proceed.

import spacy
from spacy import displacy

NER = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")

Now, we enter our sample text which we shall be testing. The text has been taken from the Wikipedia page of ISRO.

raw_text="The Indian Space Research Organisation or is the national space agency of India, headquartered in Bengaluru. It operates under Department of Space which is directly overseen by the Prime Minister of India while Chairman of ISRO acts as executive of DOS as well."

text1= NER(raw_text)

Now, we print the data on the NEs found in this text sample.

for word in text1.ents:
    print(word.text,word.label_)

The Output:

The Indian Space Research Organisation ORG
the national space agency ORG
India GPE
Bengaluru GPE
Department of Space ORG
India GPE
ISRO ORG
DOS ORG

So, now we can see that all the Named Entities in this particular text are extracted. If we are facing any problem regarding what type a particular NE is, we can use the following method.

spacy.explain("ORG")

Output: ‘Companies, agencies, institutions, etc.’

spacy.explain("GPE")

Output: ‘Countries, cities, states

Now, we try an interesting visual, which shows the NEs directly in the text.

displacy.render(text1,style="ent",jupyter=True)

Output:

Coming to the visual, the Named Entities are properly mentioned in the text, with contrasting colors, which makes data visualization quite easy and simple. There is another type of visual, which explores the full dataset as a whole.

Let us try the same tasks with some tests containing more Named Entities.

raw_text2=” The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as Mangalyaan, was launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. India thus became the first country to enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74 million.”

text2= NER(raw_text2)

for word in text2.ents:
    print(word.text,word.label_)

Output:

The Mars Orbiter Mission PRODUCT
MOM ORG
Mangalyaan GPE
Earth LOC
5 November 2013 DATE
the Indian Space Research Organisation ORG
ISRO ORG
Mars LOC
24 September 2014 DATE
India GPE
first ORDINAL
Mars LOC
first ORDINAL
$74 million MONEY

Here, we get more types of named entities. Let us identify what type they are.

spacy.explain("PRODUCT")

Output: ‘Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services)’

spacy.explain("LOC")

Output: ‘Non-GPE locations, mountain ranges, bodies of water

spacy.explain("DATE")

Output: ‘Absolute or relative dates or periods

spacy.explain("ORDINAL")

Output: ‘ “first”, “second”, etc.’

spacy.explain("MONEY")

Output: ‘Monetary values, including unit’

Now, we analyze the text as a whole in the form of a visual.

displacy.render(text2,style="ent",jupyter=True)

Output:

Here, we the various Named Entities in contrasting colors, so we understand the overall nature of the text.

NER of a News Article

We shall web scrape data from a news article and do NER on the text data gathered from there.

We shall use Beautiful Soup for web scraping purposes.

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
import re

Now, we will use the URL of the news article.

URL="https://www.zeebiz.com/markets/currency/news-cryptocurrency-news-today-june-12-bitcoin-dogecoin-shiba-inu-and-other-top-coins-prices-and-all-latest-updates-158490"

html_content = requests.get(URL).text

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, "lxml")

Now, we get the body content.

body=soup.body.text

Now, we use regex to clean the text.

body= body.replace('n', ' ')
body= body.replace('t', ' ')
body= body.replace('r', ' ')
body= body.replace('xa0', ' ')
body=re.sub(r'[^ws]', '', body)

Let us now have a look at the text.

body[1000:1500]

'       View in App    Bitcoin was down by 6 and was trading at Rs 2728815 after hitting days high of Rs 2900208 Source Reuters        Reported By ZeeBiz WebTeam Written By Ravi Kant Kumar      Updated Sat Jun 12 20210646 pm   Patna ZeeBiz WebDesk    RELATED NEWS            Cryptocurrency Latest News Today June 14 Bitcoin leads crypto rally up over 12 after ELON MUSK TWEET Check Ethereum Polka Dot Dogecoin Shiba Inu and other top coins INR price World India updates             Bitcoin law is only'

Now, let us proceed with Named Entity Recognition.

text3= NER(body)

displacy.render(text3,style="ent",jupyter=True)

Well, the visual formed is very large, but there are some interesting parts that I want to cover.

Now, coming to a few observations.

Bitcoin is supposedly a geographic location. Patna is an Organisation. Leaving aside a few cases, most of the text has been classified properly into their respective named entities. Thus we can understand that the entity recognition has been done properly.